Key Equations

Magnetic Flux & Flux Linkage — AQA A-Level Physics

On Data Sheet
Not on Data Sheet
Magnetic flux (perpendicular field)
$$\Phi = BA$$
  • Where:
    • $Φ$ = magnetic flux (Wb)
    • $B$ = magnetic flux density (T)
    • $A$ = cross-sectional area perpendicular to the field (m²)
Special case when field is perpendicular to area (θ = 0°). Given on the AQA data sheet.
Magnetic flux (at angle θ)
$$\Phi = BA \cos \theta$$
  • Where:
    • $Φ$ = magnetic flux (Wb)
    • $B$ = magnetic flux density (T)
    • $A$ = area of coil (m²)
    • $θ$ = angle between field and normal to coil (°)
General form. θ is measured from the normal, not the coil face. Reduces to Φ = BA when θ = 0°.
Flux linkage
$$N\Phi = BAN \cos \theta$$
  • Where:
    • $NΦ$ = flux linkage (Wb turns)
    • $B$ = magnetic flux density (T)
    • $A$ = area of each turn (m²)
    • $N$ = number of turns
    • $θ$ = angle between field and normal to coil (°)
Flux linkage = N × flux. This is what appears in Faraday's law. When θ = 0°, NΦ = BAN.
Flux linkage for a rotating coil
$$N\Phi = BAN \cos(\omega t)$$
  • Where:
    • $NΦ$ = flux linkage at time t (Wb turns)
    • $B$ = magnetic flux density (T)
    • $A$ = area of coil (m²)
    • $N$ = number of turns
    • $ω$ = angular speed (rad s⁻¹)
    • $t$ = time (s)
For a coil rotating at constant ω, θ = ωt. Produces a cosine wave. EMF (from Faraday's law) is BANω sin(ωt), which is 90° out of phase.
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