Key Equations

Energy Levels & Wave-Particle Duality — AQA A-Level Physics

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Energy of an emitted/absorbed photon
$$\begin{aligned} \Delta E &= hf \\ &= \frac{hc}{\lambda} \end{aligned}$$
  • Where:
    • $ΔE$ = energy difference between levels (J)
    • $h$ = Planck's constant (J s)
    • $f$ = frequency of photon (Hz)
    • $λ$ = wavelength of photon (m)
ΔE is always positive. Use |E₂ − E₁| if working with negative energy levels.
De Broglie wavelength of an accelerated electron
$$\lambda = \frac{h}{\sqrt{2meV}}$$
  • Where:
    • $λ$ = de Broglie wavelength (m)
    • $h$ = Planck's constant (J s)
    • $m$ = electron mass (kg)
    • $e$ = electron charge (C)
    • $V$ = accelerating potential difference (V)
Derived by substituting v = √(2eV/m) from eV = ½mv² into λ = h/mv.
De Broglie wavelength
$$\begin{aligned} \lambda &= \frac{h}{mv} \\ &= \frac{h}{p} \end{aligned}$$
  • Where:
    • $λ$ = de Broglie wavelength (m)
    • $h$ = Planck's constant (6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ J s)
    • $m$ = mass (kg)
    • $v$ = speed (m s⁻¹)
    • $p$ = momentum (kg m s⁻¹)
Applies to all particles. Wavelength decreases with increasing speed or mass.
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